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Michael Wynn's Occult Reference Library

MESOPOTAMIAN

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CHRONOLOGIA RORISPERGIUS

r in baghdad founded house of wisdom for the purpose of promoting the arab's assimilation of indian, greek and persian science. 787-886 abu ma'shar. persian astrologer. al-kindi's student wrote a "great introduction (ysagoga maiore) to astrology around 850 ce; a major source for medieval astrologers. a fusion of sabian hermeticism, persian chronology, islamic religious doctrine, greek science and mesopotamian astrology. identified idris with enoch and hermes. 796-861 dhu l-nun al-misri hermetic sufi from akhmim egypt, said to have studied with jabir b. hayyan al-kufi. 800-866 al-kindi wrote "on rays (de radiis. al-kindi's theory would tend to imply that the "occult qualities" of plants and stones are a kind of signification "all terrestrial things emit "rays" which exist everywhere simulta

DAVID ICKE CHILDREN OF THE MATRIX

more than 10,000 years).55 after devastating mars, the "venus" comet was caught by the gravitational pull of the earth, they said. it made several orbits of the earth, causing the tidal wave and devastation that ended the golden age, and hurled vast quantities of ionised ice at the poles. its momentum then hurled it into its present orbit as "venus" the planet. synchronistically, the most ancient mesopotamian and central american records don't include venus in their planetary accounts, but the later ones do, and there was a focus on venus with human sacrifices made to it. the biggest secret goes into this whole story in greater detail and you will see that it explains so many "mysteries. these include the sudden freezing of mammoths standing up in the process of eating because the ice did

called variously, manis, manj, and manja. 50 children of the matrix the reason becomes obvious- it was the same fellah. even the title given to him was the same or very similar in all three places. in egypt he was known as manjthe- warrior; in sumer he was manis-the-warrior; and in the indus valley he was called manja-the-shooter.2 his father, sargon the great, is a semitic name for the sumerian-mesopotamian emperor, king gin, gani, or guni. he was called in the later babylonian texts, the "king of the four quarters of the world, because they knew (babylon was also a mesopotamian culture) that the sumerian empire was enormous. the incas of south america used this term "four quarters, also. in the indian epics, sargon's son, manja, was called "the royal eye of gopta and of the four ends of

s in upper egypt and waddell established that the script used was early sumerian. it was the same as the script he saw in sumerian seals of the same sargon period found in the indus valley. 52 children of the matrix king sargon, in this early sumerian script, was known under his personal name of gin-ukus or gin-ukussi in egypt- thus relating to his title king gin or guni and the variant, gani, in mesopotamian inscriptions, particularly in babylonian.13 the title ukus or ukussi in egypt means that he was a descendant of the first sumerian king, ukusi of ukhu (meaning sun hawk city) and also the first aryan (hybrid) king in the indian epics and their holy books, the vedas, which use the solar title of ikshwaku or ukusi of ukhu.14 all these kings of the sumer empire were given "solar titles"

thly, explanations, but to dismiss them all, given their number and often consistency of detail, would be just as ridiculous as believing every word of every one. the sumerian tablets tell of how the original breeding programme was headed by the chief scientist of the anunnaki, called enki, or "lord of the earth (ki= earth, and their expert in medicine, ninkharsag, also known as ninti("lady life) mesopotamian depictions portray her holding a horseshoe-shaped tool used at that time to cut the umbilical cord. another name later given to her was mammi, from which came mama and mother. mama or ma as a term for mother can be found in various languages all over the world. ninkharsag would later be symbolised in part by the stream of mother goddess deities with names like queen semiramis, isis, b

the "goddess" and the "serpent" have been linked since ancient times. sir laurence gardner is a spokesman for the imperial royal dragon court and order that represents the interests of the "dragon bloodlines" seeded by the dna of the "dragon queens. he says that this symbolism and the theme of the dragon queens goes back to the "founding mother" of the anunnaki he calls tiamat, the sea-dragon in mesopotamian accounts. these queens, he suggests, were commonly represented as mermaids (amphibious/sirius, and were often called ladies of the lake (see http//www.nexusmagazine.com/ringlords1.html. throughout the lands settled by the former atlantean-lemurian peoples you find the worship of the serpent goddess and her serpent son, who is often symbolised as a bull. james churchward reveals from a

ater sons of god, including jesus. the hebrews inherited tammuz (also known as adonis) from the babylonians and the roman records refer to tammuz as the chief god of the jews. the jewish calendar still has a month named after tammuz, who was known as "the serpent who emanated from the heaven-god, anu."3 and anu was the head of 198 children of the matrix the anunnaki, the sumerian tablets say. the mesopotamian kings were said to be of the bloodline of tammuz, just as sir laurence gardner claims that the merovingian "true" royal line is the bloodline of jesus. it was said that the land was given life by the blood of tammuz and he was a healer, saviour, and a shepherd who looked after his flock of stars. he died wearing a "crown of thorns" made from myrrh. tammuz was symbolically sacrificed o

d that one of the people involved was called "camelot" and he turned into a "dragon. his parents told me that zack, who was just five, began to talk about the anunnaki and when he was asked what they were he said they were the "gods. he said that he learned about the anunnaki at the "bad school. his grandmother, suzen, asked him if he had ever heard the word "dingir (she pronounced it dinggear, a mesopotamian name for the anunnaki that translates as "the righteous ones of the blazing rockets. pronouncing it ding-er, he said it was a bad word suffer little children because the dinger "eat people skin, people blood, and people bones. he added "their love goes away and they turn into vampires. she asked about the name "enki" and he said "that's a bad word. then enlil "that's a fish word. this

DAVID ICKE THE BIGGEST SECRET

gence of homo sapiens sapiens,the physical form we see today. the sumerian tablets name the two people involved inthe creation of the slave race. they were the chief scientist called enki, lord of the7earth (ki=earth) and ninkharsag, also known as ninti (lady life) because of herexpertise in medicine. she was later referred to as mammi, from which comes mamaand mother. ninkharsag is symbolised in mesopotamian depictions by a tool used to cutthe umbilical cord. it is shaped like a horseshoe and was used in ancient times. she alsobecame the mother goddess of a stream of religions under names like queen semiramis,isis, barati, diana, mary and many others, which emerged from the legends of this allover the world. she is often depicted as a pregnant woman. the texts say of theanunnaki leadershi

r, and eventuallywon, supremacy to control the course of events as the kings, queens, priests andmilitary leaders under the collective title i dub the babylonian brotherhood. that thebabylonians were part of the aryan race is confirmed by ancient inscriptions and titles.the kassi or cassi was a title first used by the phoenicians about 3,000 bc and thiswas adopted by the babylonians who ruled the mesopotamian empire. kassi alsoappears as a personal name of phoenicians in egypt and cassi was the inspiration forthe ruling kings known as catti in pre-roman britain, one of whom minted cas coinsfeaturing the sun-horse and other solar symbols.27this aryan expansion began as far back as 3,000 bc, probably earlier, with theirseafaring branch, the phoenicians. they were a technologically advanced p

knownas the khattiyo. the term khatti evolved through the hebrew and english translationsinto the hittites of the old testament. kassi or cassi was the title used by the firstphoenician dynasty about 3,000 bc and was adopted by the babylonian dynasty. notsurprising because these were different branches of the same people. the ancient indianepic king lists name some of the same people named in the mesopotamian king listsand the predynastic civilisers of early egypt also turn out to be of the aryan race. weare looking at the same people here, no doubt whatsoever, and within this race are thereptile-aryan bloodlines which have increasingly held the reins of power from theancient world to the present day. as l. a. waddell points out, the english, scottish,irish, gaelic, welsh, gothic and anglo

s,hebrews, canaanites, phoenicians and carthaginians, were sacrificially burned. thispicture provided visual support for the claims over many years that druid rituals werebeing performed at the grove with people in red robes marching in procession chantingto the great owl, moloch. the romans called the owl by the same word that meantwitch. the greeks said the owl was sacred to athene, the ancient mesopotamian eyegoddess, and her staring owl-like images have been found throughout the middleeast.27 the owl was also the totem of lilith, the symbol of the bloodline genes passedon through the female, and other versions of the triple goddess of the moon. the owlhas been symbolised as a witch in bird form and is associated with witches in thesymbols of halloween. the symbolism of being able to se

DONALDTYSON DEMON

o a visitor's e-mail, what is coronzon, elsewhere on this site. return he home resources demons bios fiction tyson the truth about demons (beast with seven heads and ten horns from revelation) in general, a demon may be defined as a malicious spirit who does harm to human beings. in this sense, demons have been recognized since the time of the ancient sumerians and babylonians. the culture of the mesopotamian valley was particularly rich in demon lore. demons were usually the spirits of natural forces such as fire, plagues, droughts, infant crib death, and diseases, and often took the form of fantastically-shaped creatures made up of a conglomeration of parts from dangerous or dreaded living things such as scorpions, serpents, lions, hawks, and so on. for example, pazuzu, the sumerian demo

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OCCULTISM AND PARAPSYCHOLOGY VOL 1

mer, samuel n. from the tablets of sumer. falcon s wing, 1956. gilgamesh and the huluppu-tree: a reconstructed sumerian text. chicago: university of chicago press, 1938. lenormant, francois. chaldean magic: its origin& development. london: samuel bagster [1877. spence, lewis. myths and legends of babylonia& assyria. london, 1916. reprint, detroit: gale research, 1975. thierens, a. e. astrology in mesopotamian culture. leiden: e. j. brill, 1935. bach, edward (1886.1936) british physician who developed an unconventional system of healing. bach (his name is pronounced batch) was a graduate of university college hospital (m.b, b.s, m.r.c.s. he left his flourishing harley street practice in favor of homeopathy, seeking a more natural system of healing than allopathic medicine. he was appointed

FELDMAN DANIEL QABALAH THE MYSTICAL HERITAGE OF THE CHILDREN OF ABRAHAM

d sorcerers who seek to acquire creative and/or destructive power, depending on what paths they traverse on the tree of life. the occult disciplines of wizards and magicians are often called the practical, hermetic, or magical qabalah. practical qabalah has its ancient roots in the thirteen enochian keys of enoch son of qain, along with a highly eclectic admixture of material taken from egyptian, mesopotamian, and other non-hebrew sources. it is important 3' 8: h" 2: 2 2:e 8% not to confuse enoch son of qain with enoch son of yared. the former enoch was the grandson of adam and the son after whom qain was said to name a city.11 enoch son of yared was the great, great, great, great grandson of adam, and the one who walked with elohim and was transformed into metatron(]vruum).12 the thirteen

GAMBLE ELIZA BURT THE GOD IDEA OF THE ANCIENTS OR SEX IN RELIGION

ich is now 150 miles from the sea, the persian gulf having retired nearly that distance before the sediment brought down by the euphrates and tigris" to which baldwin adds "a little reflection on the vast period of time required to effect geological changes so great as this will enable us to see to what a remote age in the deeps of antiquity we must go to find the beginning of civilization in the mesopotamian valley"[53 [53] prehistoric nations, p. 191. although at the time of the building of the tower of babel the worship of a deity in which the male principle was pre-eminent had not become universal, still the facts seem to indicate that the doctrine of male superiority which for ages had been steadily advancing had at length gained the ascendancy over the older religion. the new faith a

GRAHAM HANCOCK FINGERPRINTS OF THE GODS

t sculpted with the images of several large crustaceans, so this notion seemed all the more probable. what had been intended? i had learned of one local tradition i thought might shed light on the matter. it was very ancient and spoke of gods of the lake, with fish tails, called chullua and umantua .9 in this, and in the fish-garbed figures, it seemed that there was a curious out-of-place echo of mesopotamian myths, which spoke strangely, and at length, about amphibious beings, endowed with reason who had visited the land of sumer in remote prehistory. the leader of these beings was named oannes (or uan).10 according to the chaldean scribe, berosus: the whole body of [oannes] was like that of a fish; and had under a fish s head another head, and also feet below, similar to those of a man

hem, because it is not right that they of the earth, living in the flesh, should mingle with us. immediately the inhabitants of the sky sallied forth like flashes of lightning; they destroyed the edifice and divided and scattered its builders to all parts of the earth.18 it was this story, almost but not quite the biblical account of the tower of babel (which was itself a reworking of a far older mesopotamian tradition, that had brought me to cholula. the central american and middle eastern tales were obviously closely related. indeed, the similarities were unmissable, but there were also differences far too significant to be ignored. of course, the similarities could be due to unrecorded pre-colombian contacts between the cultures of the middle east and the new world, but there was one wa

ating back at least 5000 years relate that uan lived under the sea, emerging from the waters of the persian gulf every morning to civilize and tutor mankind.26 is it a coincidence that uaana, in the mayan language, means he who has his residence in water ?27 let us also consider tiamat, the sumerian goddess of the oceans and of the forces of primitive chaos, always shown as a ravening monster. in mesopotamian tradition, tiamat turned against the other deities and unleashed a holocaust of destruction before she was eventually destroyed by the celestial hero marduk: she opened her mouth, tiamat, to swallow him. he drove in the evil wind so that she could not close her lips. the terrible winds filled her belly. her heart was seized, she held her mouth wide open, he let fly an arrow, it pierce

old, others less than 3000 years old the noah figure of utnapishtim is known variously as zisudra, xisuthros or atrahasis. even so, he is always instantly recognizable as the same patriarchal character, forewarned by the same merciful god, who rides out the same universal flood in the same storm-tossed ark and whose descendants repopulate the world. there are many obvious resemblances between the mesopotamian flood myth and the famous biblical story of noah and the deluge7 (see 5 gilgamesh, p. 111. 6 ibid. 7 extracts from the book of genesis, chapters six, seven and eight: god saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. and it repented the lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him

tall mountain. there they descended and afterwards had many children who were dumb until the time when a dove on top of a tree gave them the gift of languages. these languages differed so much that the children could not understand one another.9 a related central american tradition, that of the mechoacanesecs, is in even more striking conformity with the story as we have it in genesis and in the mesopotamian sources. according to this tradition, the god tezcatlipoca determined to destroy all mankind with a flood, saving only a certain tezpi who embarked in a spacious vessel with his wife, his children and large numbers of animals and birds, as well as supplies of grains and seeds, the preservation of which were essential to the future subsistence of the human race. the vessel came to rest

erywhere how far and how widely across the myth memories of mankind do the ripples of the great flood spread? very widely indeed. more than 500 deluge legends are known around the world and, in a survey of 86 of these (20 asiatic, 3 european, 7 african, 46 american and 10 from australia and the pacific, the specialist researcher dr richard andree concluded that 62 were entirely independent of the mesopotamian and hebrew accounts.25 20 new larousse encyclopaedia of mythology, p. 426. 21 folklore in the old testament, pp. 111-12. 22 new larousse encyclopaedia of mythology, p. 431. 23 ibid, pp. 428-9; folklore in the old testament, p. 115. in this version the character of michabo is called messou. 24 from lynd s history of the dakotas, cited in atlantis: the antediluvian world, p. 117. 25 fre

rce. of course, there are many potential sources. at this point, however, in the interests of succinctness, we shall limit our inquiry to universal myths. we have already examined one group of myths in detail (the traditions of flood and cataclysm set out in part iv) and we have seen that they possess a range of intriguing characteristics: 1 there is no doubt that they are immensely old. take the mesopotamian flood story, versions of which have been found inscribed on tablets from the earliest strata of sumerian history, around 3000 bc. these tablets, handed down from the dawn of the recorded past, leave no room for doubt that the tradition of a worlddestroying flood was ancient even then, and therefore originated long before the dawn. we cannot say how long. the fact remains that no schol

HANDBOOK OF EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY

the king was the political, religious, and military leader of this state. royal annals for the early dynastic period partially survive in a copy on the palermo stone and related fragments.13 the annals list the kings of egypt, starting with a series of prehistoric kings. seal impressions and small bone or wood labels of the early dynastic period portray kings engaging with a variety of deities.14 mesopotamian seals and sealings of a comparable date appear to show episodes or characters from myths set in the realm of the gods. the egyptian pieces mainly show deities as resident in statues or cult objects in man-made shrines. the labels record (or anticipate) visits by kings to shrines in different parts of the country. the royal annals record many years for which the most important events w

nd its oases. later identified with seth. astarte (ashtarte) astarte was a near eastern war goddess who was introduced into egypt during the second intermediate period. in egyptian myth she became the daughter of ra or ptah and a consort of seth. she is probably the same goddess worshipped by the philistines as ashtoreth and the canaanites as ashera. she also had much in common with the important mesopotamian goddess ishtar (ashtar, the lady of battle. in egyptian art, astarte was usually shown naked, brandishing weapons and riding on horseback or driving a chariot. this made her a very alien figure. egyptian goddesses were not usually shown naked, and egyptian women never rode horses. the lion was one of astarte s sacred animals, and astarte was sometimes given a lion s head. this identif

KASAK VEEDE UNDERSTANDING PLANETS IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA

sy to find such a list about greece and rome, texts concerning mesopotamia included miscellaneous facts subdivided into general categories only (e.g. pannekoek 1961. the reasons of this vagueness later became evident with the compiling of such a table starting to look like sisyphean work. as we aim to systematise the names of planets and their gods used in mesopotamia, let us have a brief look at mesopotamian history since there have been many changes in them. mesopotamian history, languages and script though mesopotamian prehistory reaches at least 60,000 years, we can only date permanent settlements there beginning with the sumerians in the 4th millennium bc. events since then are dated differently in different sources in addition to which in those times time was reckoned from some impor

h mesopotamian prehistory reaches at least 60,000 years, we can only date permanent settlements there beginning with the sumerians in the 4th millennium bc. events since then are dated differently in different sources in addition to which in those times time was reckoned from some important event or the enthronement of the ruler currently in power. the situation would be hope8 table 1. periods in mesopotamian history. if both assyria and babylonia are mentioned then the dominating power is written in bold; italic indicates foreign rule. brackets include some renowned rulers and their time of ruling. of course, it would be possible to further specify much, e.g. the neo-sumerian period can be subdivided into three, but for our purposes this table is sufficient. sumerian period 3500.2300 bc a

a 1500 bc, observation data allow at least three different interpretations with the difference between the long and short chronology is 120 years. though many reference books, e.g. encyclopaedia britannica use the middle chronology as a compromise, the majority of historians tend to use the short chronology; so shall we. leaving details to historians, we will focus on the most important events in mesopotamian history (table 1. before the akkadian rule, dates can vary within a big interval; the beginning of akkadian dynasty is fixed fairly certainly. the possible error of the assyrian dating from the beginning of 15th c bc onwards is 10 years, from 1180 bc onwards 1.2 years, and the dates are quite certain from 900 bc on; babylonian dates are completely fixed from 747 bc onwards (soden 1991

s the consensus is that mesopotamia was on the highest level of astrological and astronomical development in the late babylonian period (kugler 1909/10: 27; barton 1994: 20.22. 12 figure 3. neo-assyrian prediction about lunar eclipses. hunger 1992, text no. 535, plate xiv (tablet 80.7.19, 103; obverse) for transliteration and translation see hunger 1992: 293. the planetary gods of mesopotamia the mesopotamian pantheon is quite tangled because different cultures and ages have added to it. e.g. sumerians honoured ca 1000 gods, about fifty of whom were considered the main gods, and especially important were seven gods. the great seven. the functions of different gods tended to vary by city states, but of the great seven an was universally the god of heaven, enlil. the god of air and earth, an

s number in gossmann fs catalogue, its pronunciation in akkadian, translation and commentaries. in case of planets, the determinatives dingir (d) and mul (mul) can and have been used interchangeably. the moon the moon, akkadian sin (but (w)arhu as a celestial body only) is generally the first planet in texts, and moongod is the personification of wisdom and father of sungod. from the beginning of mesopotamian history till the end of cuneiform cultures he was considered the eldest of the planetary gods, thus his cult proliferated although he never played a great role in mythology. this archetypal place in the pantheon could be the reason why in the main parts of mesopotamia there never were alternative moongods (though there were some in the periphery, e.g. among the hittites and aramaic. s

g f also developed from the epithet of marduk, what in assyria was taken over by assur. in any case, this relation is so strong that brown characterises it as gtraditional/fundamental h (brown 2000: 63. as marduk was the babylonian main god, there started the tradition by which jupiter later became the main god both in greece and rome. but their clear relations cannot be compared to the tangle in mesopotamian planet names: e.g. on some occasions mercury was also called the star of marduk (e.g. on the new year, and sometimes even mars was called so. eking star f mullugal (g240 (akkadian kakkab .arr) means besides jupiter also regulus( leo) and, more seldom, centauri( cen. jupiter is nearly as bright as venus and in some respects even more conspicuous as it may shine all night long. this is

llation mulka5.a. lebu refers. besides mars. also to the still not identified constellation of fox (supposedly one of the names of ursa majoris (brown 2000: 54. figure 12. the most widespread variants of mars in the cuneiform: mulsal-bata- nu, mulnu.me.a (g304) and ulnak(a)ru. 29 the table of gods and planets as planned from the beginning, we shall try to compose a large survey table (table 4) of mesopotamian planet names and the gods related to them. unfortunately we cannot consider all appellations. to save space, we shall use modern symbols of planets in the table (moon, sun, jupiter, venus, mercury, saturn, mars. in the second column the modern symbol is followed by the akkadian name of the planet as a celestial body. the third column includes planet names in the texts of mul.apin and

local uses, resulting in confusion and loss of data. but at the moment, that work is yet to be done. some authors have begun such research that could be considered case studies in relation to such comprehensive work, e.g. brown has centred on the analysis of planet names in the period 750.612 bc. in his work he is warning us of the dangers of ruthless attempts of generalization over the whole of mesopotamian history (brown 2000: 53. we still consider such generalization possible, but not before the material has been systematised thoroughly both by localities and periods. the table 4 in the current article should give an approximate picture of how the planets were understood in mesopotamian culture, how and why they were called thus and with which gods they were related to. translated by r

LEWIS JAMES SATANISM TODAY AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION FOLKLORE AND POPULAR CULTURE

s entered early christian writings with the negative connotation of impure spirits. the judeo-christian tradition elaborated the concept of the devil as the fallen angel who tempted adam and eve and was forever banished from paradise. christian literature also drew upon the belief systems of their neighbors in the depiction of the apocalypse, wherein appear demons that recall jewish, persian, and mesopotamian myths. in the transmission of the texts of the scriptures the devil (in hellenistic greek, diabolos) came to be identified with satan (the name used in the hebrew bible to indicate an adversary. the belief in evil powers as the source of sicknesses and problems for humans is found in early christian literature, and christian theology acknowledges evil as necessary for the fulfillment

the center of a magic table used by occultist john dee to raise spirits (fortean picture library) ereshkigal 83 different time periods according to the relative strength of their respective city. thus marduk, patron of babylon, rose from the status of a rather obscure divinity to become king of the gods with the rise of babylon s political fortunes. like the gods of the greek and roman pantheons,mesopotamian divinities were pictured as human beings drawn large. the gods were, in other words, not much more than strong human beings, possessing magical powers and immortality. humanity, for its part, was created out of clay to serve the gods. unlike judaism, christianity, or islam, this creation did not include the fashioning of an immortal soul. hence the afterlife was conceived of as a pale

e jewish sheol or the greek hades. mesopotamians, like many of the other traditional peoples of the world, imagined the universe as a three-tiered cosmos of heaven (above the earth, earth, and hell (beneath the earth. heaven was reserved for deities, most of whom resided there. living human beings occupied the middle world. the spirits of the dead resided beneath the earth. the chief deity of the mesopotamian underworld was the goddess ereshkigal. although she could be harsh, ereshkigal was not as irredeemably evil as the christian satan. the dead stood before her and she pronounced their death sentence. simultaneously, their names were entered in the ranks of the dead by the scribe geshtinana. rather than enjoying her job, the queen of the underworld was portrayed as saddened by the fate

their names were entered in the ranks of the dead by the scribe geshtinana. rather than enjoying her job, the queen of the underworld was portrayed as saddened by the fate of many of her subjects: i weep for young men forced to abandon sweethearts. i weep for girls wrenched from their lovers laps. for the infant child i weep, expelled before its time (dalley 1989, 156. one of the more widespread mesopotamian stories involved the descent of the goddess ishtar to the underworld. the first version of this tale was recorded by the sumerians, whose name for ishtar was inanna. the second version was a later, akkadian text. ishtar was the most important goddess in all periods of mesopotamian history, the parallel of the mediterranean aphrodite/ venus. precisely why ishtar should have undertaken

tamians also told several variants of another, more upbeat, story of descent to the underworld, the tale of nergal and ereshkigal. in this story nergal, as a consequence of an affront to ereshkigal s vizier, is required to appear in the queen of the underworld s court to offer an apology. ereshkigal finds herself attracted to this upper world god and attempts to seduce him by allowing nergal, the mesopotamian mars, to see her undress for a bath.he resists her charms at first, but gives in on her second try. after a full week of lovemaking, nergal steals away before dawn.when she hears that he has abandoned her, ereshkigal falls to the ground and cries. she then sends her vizier to heaven, demanding that they return nergal to her: ever since i was a child, i have not known the companionship

also noted that they sacrificed their sons and daughters to demons (106:37. although the former are ambiguously alluded to as strange gods, the latter are identified as interchangeable with the idols of canaan. scholars generally accept that there are at least two demons explicitly referred to in hebrew scriptures, lilith and azazel. the lilith of jewish folklore appears to have originally been a mesopotamian night demon with a penchant for destroying children. she later picked up the role of succubus, a female demon who copulates with living men in their dreams. in the talmud, she becomes the first wife of adam who refuses to accept her subservient role. adam then ejected her, and god created eve as a more obedient helpmate. although not mentioned by name in the bible, the night hag menti

which this occurs is impersonal. as the name of the present entry, judgment of the dead, implies, the determination of the fate of the dead is often portrayed in more personal terms, in which the deceased is brought into a kind of otherworldly courtroom to have judgment passed on her or his life by a divine or semidivine being. sources on the notion of a judgment of the dead are rather meager for mesopotamian civilization. in ancient egypt, tomb inscriptions indirectly refer to an afterlife judgment during the old kingdom. religious texts in the middle kingdom (e.g, instruction for merikare) are explicit about an afterlife judgment for sinners, whose sins will be laid beside them in a heap. in another egyptian religious text, the book of the dead, one finds magical spells for protecting on

of angels including the fallen angels. 1967.new york: free press, 1971. day, john. god s conflict with the dragon and the sea. echoes of a canaanite myth in the old testament. cambridge: cambridge university press, 1985. sykes, egerton. who s who: non-classical mythology. new york: oxford university press, 1993. lilith the night goddess lilith of jewish folklore appears to have originally been a mesopotamian night demoness with a penchant for destroying children. lilith is the archetypal seductress, and the personification of the dangerous feminine glamour of the moon. lilith was said to search for newborn children to kidnap or strangle, and to seduce sleeping men in order to produce demon sons. she is a patroness of witches, and is usually depicted as a beautiful vampire,with great claws

ilees; fallen angels; incubi and succubi for further reading: freeman, eileen. the angels who fell from grace. angel watch 3, no. 5 (october 1994. godwin,malcolm. angels: an endangered species. new york: simon and schuster, 1990. prophet, elizabeth clare. forbidden mysteries of enoch: fallen angels and the origins of evil. 1983. livingston, mt: summit university press, 1992. nergal nergal was the mesopotamian mars, a god associated with war and death. he was apparently adopted as a guardian spirit by the chaldeans, one of the groups of people who ruled the 188 netherworld mesopotamian area in later centuries. his marriage to ereshkigal, queen of the underworld, led him to be identified as king of the underworld in later, syncretistic religions, such as in certain strands of gnosticism. in

-tiered cosmos of heaven, earth, and underworld.heaven was reserved for god and the angels. living human beings occupied the middle world. the spirits of the dead resided beneath the earth in sheol. as in other cultures, the conceptualization of the realm of the dead as being located beneath the earth s surface probably derives from the custom of burying the dead underground. again similar to the mesopotamian underworld, sheol was not much more than a gloomy pit. see also judaism; underworld for further reading: nielsen, niels c. jr, et al. religions of the world. new york: st.martin s press, 1983. west, james king. introduction to the old testament. new york:macmillan, 1981. shock em dead a rock n roll rewrite of the faust story. in this 1990 film a young man sells his soul to the devil i

l and the greek hades. although the cultures of the ancient world from which the modern west descends did not imagine human beings as having an immortal soul, dim and devitalized shade or ghost of each individual continued to exist in a dull, cheerless afterlife world. these ancient afterlives were pale shadows of earthly life, making death a thing to be dreaded rather than looked forward to. the mesopotamian afterlife described in an oft-cited passage from the epic of gilgamesh in which enkidu, gilgamesh s servant and companion, relates a dream of the other world is fairly typical: there is the house whose people sit in darkness; dust is their food and clay their meat. they are clothed like birds with wings for covering, they see no light, they sit in darkness. i entered the house of dust

MASTERING WITCHCRAFT

hether they be held to be independent entities or aspects of a single divine pair, a god and goddess. the coven leaders are seen as direct representatives of these witch spirits during the sabbat. the magister's titles are, among others: cernunnos. the title is derived from the ancient european celtic horned deity of the same name. dumus. derived from "dumuzi" or "tammuz" the young consort of the mesopotamian mother goddess. puck. also known as "pookah" or "bok" the horned, satyr-like mischievous spirit said to be a reformation folklore version of the horned god. he was also known as robin artisson and robin goodfellow. hu. channel island version of the horned one, possibly derived from the welsh-celtic deity, hu gadarn. barabbas. hebrew bar abba meaning son of the father or divine son- re

her "diana "dione "dana" or "jana" referred to in leland's aradia, the gospel of the witches. habondia or dame habonde. goddess seen as lady of love and plenty. holda or hulda. german version of the same. morgan or morrigan. celtic names for goddess seen a lady of death, variant of classical hecate. also king arthur's half-elven sister. brigid or bride. a celtic mother goddess. astarte or ishtar. mesopotamian goddess of love. bride of adonis-tammuz. the virgin or maiden. referring to perephone, the greek underworld goddess. should the lady or high priestess have a daughter present within the coven, the latter title of "maiden" is sometimes conferred on her. let me reiterate: the titles bestowed upon the leaders vary considerably from coven to coven, depending on the approach adopted, diani

MICHAEL TSARION ATLANTIS ALIEN VISITATION AND GENETIC MANIPULATION

hebrew and israelitethe name hebrew derives from the patriarch eber (heber/abhar, six generations before abraham.the term israelite comes from the renaming of abrahams grandson jacob, who became known asisrael (p. 26)long kept records the opening verses of genesis were composed in the sixth century b.c, roughly 1,400 years afterthe time of abraham, 2,000 years after noah and 3,500 years after the mesopotamian flood. but fromwhere would such ancient genealogical records have been obtained? who would have recorded andmaintained the patriarchal lineage through so many centuries (p. 27)atlantis, alien visitation, and genetic manipulation213 appendix b: book abstracts line of abraham prestigiousthe most intriguing factor is not that this influential line was recorded from early times, but that

ivine!if the angels were not giants, and if they were not(sons of the gods and goddesses, then what arethey? the first thing to consider is that there is nothing spiritual or ethereal about the word angel. inits greek form, the definition aggeloswas translated from the original hebrew malath, which meantno more than messenger (p. 47)mythology and factwhat actually transpired was that the original mesopotamian writings were recorded as history. thishistory was later rewritten to form a base for foreign religious cultsfirst judaism and then christianity.appendix b: book abstracts214atlantis, alien visitation, and genetic manipulation the corrupted dogma of the religions then became established as history and because the contriveddogma (the new approved history) was so different from the orig

oes not make clear is the precise nature of the birthright granted by esau to jacob (p.168)line of judahthe bible relates that, in due time, king david of israel and his dynasty sprang from the line of judah, ason of esaus brother jacob, but in the original scheme of things, had the birthright not been sold, thekingly descent would rightly have been from esau (p. 165)jacob/israelisaac marries the mesopotamian rebecca and their union gives esau and jacob, later renamed israel.esau sells his birthright to jacob. both brothers are grandsons of abraham.esaus wifehe goes on to marry bashemath, daughter of ishmael and his egyptian wife, mahalath. ishmael was theson of hagar the pharaohs daughter, while his wife mahalath is also the daughter of pharaoh amenem-het ii. therefore, the blood of esaus

workshop frequented by moses and the israelites. it was dedicated to the god-dess hathor (see p. 202)pyramidinner fire, denotes the fire of alchemy, the essence of life.miriam, wife of mosesthe epithet mery was again used for her as it was for the sister of moses and for his daughter and grand-daughter. this miriam was actually queen kiya and was greatly beloved. she had a strong family tieto the mesopotamian annunaki (see p. 208)miriam= mery-amonson of moses (tutankhamun)unlike nefertiti, queen kiya bore a son to moses, namely tutankhamun (see p. 208.)bible jiveas the bible story progresses, we are led to believe that the great royal house of david and solomongained its office because a shepherd-boy slew a giant with a stone. we are told absolutely nothing aboutits sovereign descent from

uently (p. 43)neanderthal disappearanceit may be conjectured that neanderthal man was either exterminated or hauled off the earth to makeroom for the new slave race, and perhaps to prevent breeding between two subspecies. whatever theprecise truth of this might be, we do know two facts with certainty; modern anthropology has discov-ered a sudden replacement of neanderthal man with modern man, and mesopotamian records state thatintelligent planning by an extraterrestrial race lay behind dramatic event (p. 42)historical ufo sightingstwentieth century ufo were rarely reported in the mass media before 1947 and so most people assumethat ufos must be a relatively recent phenomenon. ufos have been reported for thousands of years inall parts of the world. for example, julius obsequens reproduced t

m 216 b.c.in his book, prodigorium liber: things like ships were seen in the sky over italyone saw figures likeships (p. 11)appendix b: book abstracts228atlantis, alien visitation, and genetic manipulation charles fortcharles fort is probably the earliest writer of the twentieth century to seriously suggest that extraterres-trial have been involved in human affairs (p. 13)the gods at workfrom the mesopotamian records:when the gods like men bore the work and suffered the toilthe toil of the gods was great, the work was heavy, the distress was much (see p. 39.)applesthis fruit is usually portrayed as an apple, but that is the invention of later artists. the bible itself doesnot mention a specific fruit because the fruit was only a symbol to represent knowledge (footnote p.47)serpent/snakesco

RUBY TABLET OF SET

sfortune simply by moving to egypt and adopting egyptian culture. egypt was ultimately destroyed by foreign conquerors (persia, macedonia, rome) and her inability to adapt to the continuing competition of foreign cultures. her new empire of the setian (xixxx) dynasties was a protectionist backlash rather than an effort to "civilize" or create a permanent empire [as per macedonia, persia, or rome. mesopotamian philosophy mesopotamia is that area (the "fertile crescent) in the ancient near east generally defined to include sumer (beginning ca. 2500 bce, babylonia (b. 2000 bce, and assyria (b. 1300 bce, and which shared cultural ties with canaan (b. 1400 bce) and israel (b. 1200 bce. all of the mesopotamian cultures were polytheistic, with the exception of israel in its later development. hum

, the priesthood of whom tended to dominate the government and control most of the property [on behalf of the god(s. those gods were anthropomorphic, with essentially human motives and desires which were manifest through the forces of nature. the generally harsher and more unpredictable elements in mesopotamia may partially explain the generally harsher and more unpredictable personalities of the mesopotamian gods in contrast to the egyptian neteru. like egypt, the ancient near east shows a blending of the scientific and the emotional. supernatural beings were thought to be intimately involved with human fortunes on a daily basis. hence the "life experience" of a mesopotamian was as much magical as it was rational. whereas the egyptian political system was strongly centralized and monarchi

s in contrast to the egyptian neteru. like egypt, the ancient near east shows a blending of the scientific and the emotional. supernatural beings were thought to be intimately involved with human fortunes on a daily basis. hence the "life experience" of a mesopotamian was as much magical as it was rational. whereas the egyptian political system was strongly centralized and monarchic, the earliest mesopotamian cultures tended to be localized and democratic, with kings or military leaders being selected by elders when emergencies arose. the transcultural "binding force" was religious tradition. permanent monarchies are assumed to have arisen because of increasing external threats to local tribes, coupled with ambition by would-be dynastic founders. in mesopotamia the role of the city-state k

tradition. permanent monarchies are assumed to have arisen because of increasing external threats to local tribes, coupled with ambition by would-be dynastic founders. in mesopotamia the role of the city-state king was similar to that of the egyptian pharaoh, except that the king was responsible to the gods for the running of the kingdom, and himself was not considered one of them [fewer than 20 mesopotamian kings between 2300 and 1500 bce laid claim to personal divinity "substitute kings" were occasionally employed in classification: v2- 102- 2 author: michael a. aquino vi date: october 1, xix revision: january 1, xxiv html revision: oct 07, 1997 ce subject: philosophy reading list: 3a, 16a, 16l, 16m mesopotamia to preserve the real ones from divine wrath or physical danger. in egypt thi

o preserve the real ones from divine wrath or physical danger. in egypt this never happened; the actual pharaoh remained completely accountable. virtue in mesopotamia was understood as obedience to the willful desires of the god(s, not harmony with their natural principles. the "wrath of the gods" was feared by the state in mesopotamia, as it was never in egypt (which was ruled by a god-king. the mesopotamian king sought the "right ruling" of his community, in accordance with the akkadian principle of shulmu (later adopted by the hebrews as shalom. a term meaning not just "peace" but the community well-being that engenders peace. early sumerian law was based on the principles of lex talionis("an eye for an eye, semi-private administration of justice, inequality before the law (higher class

served amongst them, in the miracles or mysteries of the gods, might escape him. withal, not being ignorant, that the rites of those places were deduced from the egyptian ceremonies, by means whereof he hoped to participate of the more sublime and divine mysteries in egypt, which he pursued with admiration, as his master thales had advised him. the sphinx: two rather intriguing points. first that mesopotamian initiatory priesthoods were thought to be corruptions or derivations of their egyptian counterparts, and secondly that pythagoras undertook his quest on the advice of thales. thales was reputed to have been born of a phoenician mother, and it is more-or-less reliably established that he studied the science of geometry in egypt.14 but please continue. the chimaera: here are some extrac

SATANGEL

image of god my name was called satanas, that is an angel that keepeth hell. he goes on to boast..i was formed the first angel. in the goetia, a king commanding 50 legions. appears as two beautiful angels sitting in a chariot of fire, who speak with a comely voice. distributes presentations and senatorships, causes favour of friends and foes, gives excellent familiars. possible roots include the mesopotamian goddess belili. belmagel the evil angel of the scryer edward kelly, who worked alongside dr. dee to earth the enochian angelic magick. belphegor (assyrian baal-poer, meaning lord of flesh. once a prince of the order of principalities. the patron devil of ingenious inventions and discoveries, and also of marital discord. the demonic ambassador of france, patron demon of paris. keen on

(hebrew, adversary. originally a seraphim with twelve wings. of whom the book of henoch tells of his rebellion and expulsion by god, hurled by the angel michael into the abyss. identified as the serpent in the garden of eden, as prosecutor before the heavenly court (zechariah 3:1, job 1:6, 2:7, seducer and tempter (1 chronicles 21:1, the embodiment of evil (mark 4:15. sedim (hebrew, possibly from mesopotamian sedu. devils to whom the apostate israelites made sacrifice (deuteronomy 32:7, psalm 106:36. seere (goetia, 70th spirit. a prince commanding 26 legions. appears in the east as a beautiful man on a winged horse. runs errands, may traverse the earth instantly, brings many things to pass suddenly, tells truly about theft, hidden treasure, and many other things. good natured).the name pro

SCHLAGER NEIL WORLD RELIGIONS REFERENCE LIBRARY

king nebuchadnezzar destroys the jewish temple in jerusalem and drives the jews into exile (the babylonian exile. 563 bce siddhartha gautama, who will become the buddha, is born in present-day nepal. c. 551 479 bce life span of the scholar kongzi, who is known in the west by his latinized name, confucius. xi c. 540 c. 470 bce life span of mahavira, considered the main founder of jainism. 539 bce mesopotamian religion ends when babylonia accepts cyrus of persia as king. 515 bce the second jewish temple is built in jerusalem. 483 bce death of the buddha. c. 470 399 bce life span of the greek philosopher socrates. c. 428 348 bce life span of the greek philosopher plato. 384 322 bce life span of the greek philosopher aristotle. c. third century bce period in which the major text of daoism, th

liberate and thoughtful action that follows the dao. yahweh: one of the names for god in the tanakh. yazata: guardian angel. yin and yang: literally, shady and sunny; terms referring to how the universe is composed of opposing but complementary forces. yom kippur: the day of atonement. zakat: annual charitable giving. ziggurat: a stepped foundation or structure that held a shrine or temple in the mesopotamian religion. zionism: a movement that began in the nineteenth century to find a permanent home for jews. world religions: almanac xxxi words to know this page intentionally left blank research and activity ideas the following research and activity ideas are intended to offer suggestions for complementing social studies and history curricula; to trigger additional ideas for enhancing lear

goddesses, became a fundamental part of religion, as did certain rituals and rules of behavior, or things to do and things to avoid doing. the earliest historical religions, ones for which a written record exists, arose along the nile river in egypt and in the fertile crescent of mesopotamia. an ancient form of hinduism also emerged about the same time in what is now known as india. egyptian and mesopotamian religions were polytheistic, meaning they recognized more than one god (hinduism has many deities as well, but they are all understood as different aspects of one supreme being) both egyptian and mesopotamian religions influenced judaism, which was one of the first monotheistic( having one god) religions. judaism stretches back as far as 2000 bce. in asia, buddhism, confucianism, and

otamia (in what is now modern iraq) and in egypt more than five thousand years ago. the religious systems in these areas blended political with spiritual elements in a type of government known as a theocracy, or rule by divine guidance. in such a government, deities( gods and goddesses) are the supreme religious and civic leaders. their will is carried out by a priestly class or by a divine king. mesopotamian theocracies took the form of city-states ruled by patron gods or goddesses. the god s desires and wishes were interpreted by political leaders called ensi and by a priestly class. in egypt religion and the state were also bound together. the national leader, the pharaoh, was considered a living god and was the vital link between humanity and the rest of the gods. a major difference in

s were seen as kind and generous and generally well-disposed toward humanity. egyptians believed that their gods had created egypt as a sort of refuge of good and order in a world filled with chaos and disorder. both religions were polytheistic, meaning they recognized many gods. these gods had certain similarities in both traditions. many gods and goddesses personified elements of nature. in the mesopotamian pantheon, or collection of gods, the most important were the trio of the sky god, an (or anu; the god of storm and the earth, enlil; and the water god, ea (or enki. these were followed in importance by a second triad comprised of the moon god, nanna (or sin; the sun god, utu (or shamash; and the goddess of fertility and war, inanna 37 (also called ishtar. in the later stages of mesopo

elief in one supreme being. pantheon: a collection of deities. polytheism: belief in many gods. pyramid: a stone tomb constructed to house a deceased pharaoh of egypt. theocracy: a form of government in which god or some supreme deity is the ruler. god s laws are then interpreted by a divine king or by a priest class. ziggurat: a stepped foundation or structure that held a shrine or temple in the mesopotamian religion. 38 world religions: almanac ancient religions of egypt and mesopotamia history and development mesopotamia, a word made up from two greek words meaning between the rivers, is an ancient name for an area encompassed by the tigris and euphrates rivers. it stretches from the persian gulf in the south to the mountains of armenia in the north and covers most of modern-day iraq. m

were in competition with each other, and at other times they banded together to fight common enemies. the earliest written records of the first sumerian societies also date from about this time (c. 4,000 bce. it is significant that these records, written in the form of clay tablets, were about the operation of temples. thus, already by the time of the first real towns and cities in human history, mesopotamian religion had already become well organized. various clay tablets have been found with details of the religion, as well as sacred vessels and architectural remains of temples. these all help to give an overview of the religion. the environment of mesopotamia largely shaped its religion. unlike the nile river in egypt, which rises and falls slowly on a very predictable schedule, the tig

f the religion. the environment of mesopotamia largely shaped its religion. unlike the nile river in egypt, which rises and falls slowly on a very predictable schedule, the tigris and euphrates rivers could and often did rise quickly and violently, causing disastrous flooding. because of this, the mesopotamians felt that nature was dangerous and far beyond the control of mere humans. the earliest mesopotamian deities thus represented different aspects of nature and were honored in hopes of winning their favor. world religions: almanac 39 ancient religions of egypt and mesopotamia for instance, anu, the god of the sky, might have been worshipped to keep violent storms from damaging the crops. hursag, the goddess of mountains and foothills, would be invoked by priests to stop an invasion of

ce, anu, the god of the sky, might have been worshipped to keep violent storms from damaging the crops. hursag, the goddess of mountains and foothills, would be invoked by priests to stop an invasion of barbarian tribes. deities were often represented as human beings and some symbolic natural object. once given human form, a process called anthropomorphism, the gods were then grouped in families. mesopotamian gods were worshipped in temple complexes that formed the center of every city. built of mud bricks, these tall, conical structures were stepped, or built in receding tiers on platforms of different shapes. these platforms were crowned at the top by a shrine or a temple. the whole complex was called a ziggurat, and averaged about 150 feet (45.7 meters) in height. ziggurats stretched to

nical structures were stepped, or built in receding tiers on platforms of different shapes. these platforms were crowned at the top by a shrine or a temple. the whole complex was called a ziggurat, and averaged about 150 feet (45.7 meters) in height. ziggurats stretched tower-like toward the sky, forming a bridge between earth and heaven, like the mountains that were sacred to the sumerians. each mesopotamian city had at least one temple complex, and each complex was dedicated to the worship of a single deity. the temple complex in ur, for instance, honored the moon god sin (also called nanna by the sumerians. the city of uruk had both a temple to inanna and a ziggurat dedicated to anu. the complexes were managed by specialist priests, who were the only people allowed to worship the deitie

the arrival of the babylonians. priests increasingly relied on rituals to ward off evil spirits and to foretell future events to ensure the good will of the gods and to protect against demons. astronomical (relating to the heavens) events took on major importance and astrology, the study of the influence of the stars and planets on human affairs, became nearly a science for the priests. organized mesopotamian religion collapsed after cyrus of persia, a zoroastrian, conquered the babylonian empire in 539 bce. history of ancient egyptian religion the official ancient egyptian religion lasted from about 3110 bce to 550 ce. the official beginning of the religion is the date that menes (c. 2925 bce, a king of upper egypt, is believed to have defeated a king of lower egypt and unified the nation

hese animal deities later took human form, but their heads were still often depicted as that of an animal. some gods even became associated with more than one animal. for example, thoth, the god of the moon and of wisdom and protector of scribes, was depicted by the egyptian ibis, a wading bird, by a baboon, and by a figure of the moon. about the ancient religions of egypt and mesopotamia belief. mesopotamian religion saw humans as the servants of the gods, who had to be appeased for protection. egyptians believed that the gods created all humans but were also controlled by the principle of maat, or order. unlike followers of mesopotamian religion, the egyptians had a strong belief in the afterlife, which they expressed by building elaborate tombs such as the pyramids. followers. worshippe

bols. statues of winged bulls were a protective symbol related to the god sin mesopotamia, while the ankh, a kind of cross with a loop at the top, was a prominent representation of life in ancient egypt. worship. priests in both religions made daily offerings in the temples and held annual festivals open to the public. personal gods were worshipped by people in their homes. dress. priests in both mesopotamian and egyptian religions wore no special costumes. texts. the enuma elish tells the mesopotamian story of creation and explains how marduk became the chief of the gods. the egyptian book of the dead was a guide for the dead, setting out magic spells and charms to be used to pass judgment in the afterlife. sites. ancient nippur was the site of the chief temple to enlil, while babylon was

was the site of the chief temple to enlil, while babylon was the location of marduk s sanctuary. thebes and the temple complex of karnak were home to the worship of amen-ra. in the modern world the remains of these early religions can be seen in egypt s pyramids, tombs for the pharaohs, and in mesopotamia s ziggurats, temples to the gods. observances. the new year s festival was a major event in mesopotamian religion, while egypt s most important festival was opet. 42 world religions: almanac ancient religions of egypt and mesopotamia in prehistoric times (before written history) the deities were local. they were worshipped in reed shrines with the local leader or king acting as the intermediary between the gods and the people. a reed is a type of tall, slender grass. the gods were though

d various cults gained favor and then went out of favor. but amen and amen-ra remained the major cult. the local goddess neith became more popular and was later incorporated into greek and roman pantheons in the figures of athena and diana. even after the introduction of christianity, the ancient gods continued to be worshipped until about the sixth century ce. sects and schisms both egyptian and mesopotamian deities had cults that were popular in different places and in different times. of note were two later mesopotamian deities, marduk and ashur. marduk was the national god of babylonia, and the babylonians went to great pains to rewrite the creation myth so that he would be the king of gods, replacing the mesopotamian god enlil. such a replacement lasted for about one thousand years un

l. later babylonian religion also assumed that resurrection, or physical life after death, was possible. babylonians believed in the waters of life and called their chief deity, marduk, the one who brings the dead to life. mostly, however, it appears that mesopotamians believed that earthly life was all there was, and that death led to disintegration of the body. hundreds of gods were involved in mesopotamian religion. in addition to being connected with some aspect of nature, they also had a responsibility for different spheres of human activity. for example, shamash, the god of the sun, was also in charge of justice. successive waves of settlers and conquerors in the region all brought their own gods and goddesses. these were mixed with those already found in mesopotamia. the sumerians h

the sky god, enlil, the god of weather and storms, and enki, god of wisdom and the abzu. other important deities included the mother goddess, ninhursag; nanna, god of the moon who helped travelers find their way; utu, sun god and the watchful eye of justice; and inanna, the goddess of love and war and the one who guaranteed the kingship. inanna in particular had a strong and lasting influence on mesopotamian culture. she was featured in many fertility rites, but was also called upon in time of war. over the course of time, with movements of new people into the area, the names of the gods changed. for instance, the sumerian goddess innana received the akkadian name of ishtar, just as nanna later became sin and enki became ea. beliefs in ancient egypt egyptians believed that the world was b

aat. if the heart was lighter than the feather, the deceased was admitted into the afterlife. if the feather was lighter than the heart, however, the goddess ammut, devourer of the dead, consumed the deceased, destroying the soul forever. if the deceased passed the judgment he or she was led off by horus to meet with osiris and enter the underworld. sacred writings the primary sacred text for the mesopotamian religion was the long epic poem dealing with creation, the enuma elish. the most complete copy that has survived dates from the end of the second millennium bce and is fertility myths throughout the ancient near east there were common myths of fertility, or tales of death and rebirth that can be read as a metaphor (or symbol) of the death and rebirth of vegetation during the seasons o

ligion was the long epic poem dealing with creation, the enuma elish. the most complete copy that has survived dates from the end of the second millennium bce and is fertility myths throughout the ancient near east there were common myths of fertility, or tales of death and rebirth that can be read as a metaphor (or symbol) of the death and rebirth of vegetation during the seasons of the year. in mesopotamian religion there is the story of ishtar s hunt for her husband, tammuz, the god of the seasons and fertility. she descends to the underworld in search of him and returns with him triumphantly to earth. tammuz, however, can only spend spring and summer on earth; the rest of the year he must remain in the underworld. in some traditions, tammuz is ishtar s son; in others, he is her lover r

the pieces and put his body back together. she made herself pregnant from osiris s body, and their son horus revenged osiris s murder, defeating his uncle set in epic combat. horus became the god of a unified egypt, identified throughout egyptian history with the divine right of the pharaoh. 48 world religions: almanac ancient religions of egypt and mesopotamia thus a rather late addition to the mesopotamian religion. it is, in effect, an effort by the babylonians to assert the power of their national god, marduk. as such, the poem not only relates how earth was created but also how the gods came to be. the gods, according to this text, came before the creation of the world. this epic describes the fight between the forces of order, as represented by marduk and the young gods, and the for

uth. public domain. 50 world religions: almanac ancient religions of egypt and mesopotamia the book of the dead was found in tombs for commoners as well as royalty. all levels of egyptian society were concerned about their afterlife and wanted to be prepared to meet it successfully. sacred symbols the winged bull, a blend of sky god and earth god powers, is a strong symbolic representation of the mesopotamian religion. the winged bull has the head of a man bearing a cap with two (and sometimes three) horns, the body of a bull or lion, and wings like an eagle. the horns on the cap symbolize the bull s godlike nature. large sculptures of the creatures were found at three sites of ancient mesopotamia, from a time when assyria ruled the region (1350 612 bce. these sites are khorsabad, nineveh

TEXE MARRS CODEX MAGICA SECRET SIGNS MYSTERIOUS SYMBOLS AND HIDDEN CODES OF THE ILLUMINATI

rched by the sun 477 advertisement for the 2004 movie, alexander, a saga about the greek conqueror, alexander the great. accurately portrayed on alexander's tunic: an image of the great sun god worshipped under a variety of names by the ancients. 478 codex magica scorched by the sun 479 native americans worshipping the sun god, bearing a totem idol (engraving from theodore de bry's america, 1590) mesopotamian worship of the sun god (british museum. london) general plan of cabalistic jewish magic reveals a diamond focal point and many concentric circles (from encyclopedia of the occult) 480 codex magica a t-shirt offered by a vendor of gift items from the hard rock cafe restaurant chain. note the sun symbol. hard rock cafes were begun by isaac tigrett, a multimillionaire occultist who also

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new york: weiser, 1981. ring, kenneth. life at death. new york: coward, mccann and geoghegan, 1980. steiger, brad. minds through space and time. new york: award books, 1971. steiger, brad and steiger, sherry hansen. children of the light. new york: signet, 1995. the mystery schools the great epic of gilgamesh, which dates back to the early part of the second millennium b.c.e, portrays an ancient mesopotamian king s quest for immortality and his despair when he learns that the gods keep the priceless jewel of eternal life for themselves. from clay, the gods shaped humankind and breathed into their nostrils the breath of life. what a cruel trick, then, to snatch back the wind of life at the time of physical death and permit the wonderful piece of work that is man to return once again to dus

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hadaranyaka upanishad states that the soul, the self-luminous being, may assume many forms, high and low, in the world of dreams. some say that dreaming is but another form of waking, for what a man experiences while awake he experiences again in his dreams. as a man passes from dream to wakefulness, so does he pass at death from this life to the next (brihadaranyaka upanishad, 4.3.11 14, 35. the mesopotamian and egyptian courts employed skilled professionals who sought to interpret dreams and visions. the israelites, by contrast, believed that interpretation of dreams could be accomplished only with the lord s guidance. for god speaketh once, yea twice, yet a man perceiveth it not. in a dream, in a vision of the night, when sleep falleth upon men in slumberings upon the bed; then he opene

aces in that same area. the origins of western culture were nursed in sumer, and it has come to be acknowledged as the cradle of civilization all because of a starburst. astronomers recognize that the nearest and brightest supernova that has ever been witnessed by humankind was vela x, now a faintly flashing pulsar about 1,300 light-years from our solar system. george michanowsky, a specialist in mesopotamian astronomy, saw how the first and most fundamental symbol of sumerian script was one which represented star. he went on to show how the very first word ever written by a human hand soon became linked with the symbol for deity, thus communicating star god. michanowsky saw the deathblaze of vela x to have been such a dramatic sky show that it became a profound cultural organizing princip

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